@Article{LiNOAALSW:2021:ChEqPl,
               author = "Li, Guozhu and Ning, Baiqi and Otsuka, Yuichi and Abdu, 
                         Mangalathayil Ali and Abadi, Prayitno and Liu, Zhizhao and Spogli, 
                         Luca and Wan, Weixing",
          affiliation = "{Chinese Academy of Sciences} and {Chinese Academy of Sciences} 
                         and {Nagoya University} and {Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas 
                         Espaciais (INPE)} and {Indonesian National Institute of 
                         Aeronautics and Space (LAPAN)} and {The HongKong Polytechnic 
                         University} and {Istituto Nazionale di Geofsicae Vulcanologia} and 
                         {Chinese Academy of Sciences}",
                title = "Challenges to Equatorial Plasma Bubble and Ionospheric 
                         Scintillation Short-Term Forecasting and Future Aspects in East 
                         and Southeast Asia",
              journal = "Surveys in Geophysics",
                 year = "2021",
               volume = "42",
               number = "1",
                pages = "201--238",
                month = "Jan.",
             keywords = "s Ionospheric scintillation · Equatorial plasma bubble · 
                         Short-term variability · The East and Southeast Asia.",
             abstract = "Equatorial plasma bubbles (EPBs) can cause rapid fluctuations in 
                         amplitude and phase of radio signals traversing the ionosphere and 
                         in turn produce serious ionospheric scintillations and disrupt 
                         satellite-based communication links. Whereas numerous studies on 
                         the generation and evolution of EPBs have been performed, the 
                         prediction of EPB and ionospheric scintillation occurrences still 
                         remains unresolved. The generalized RayleighTaylor (RT) 
                         instability has been widely accepted as the physical mechanism 
                         responsible for the generation of EPBs. But how the factors, which 
                         seed the development of RT instability and control the dynamics of 
                         EPBs and resultant ionospheric scintillations, change on a 
                         short-term basis are not clear. In the East and Southeast Asia, 
                         there exist significant differences in the generation rates of 
                         EPBs at closely located stations, for example, Kototabang (0.2°S, 
                         100.3°E) and Sanya (18.3°N, 109.6°E), indicating that the 
                         decorrelation distance of EPB generation is small (hundreds of 
                         kilometers) in longitude. In contrast, after the initial 
                         generation of EPBs at one longitude, they can drift zonally more 
                         than 2000 km and extend from the magnetic equator to middle 
                         latitudes of 40° or higher under some conditions. These features 
                         make it difficult to identify the possible seeding sources for the 
                         EPBs and to accurately predict their occurrence, especially when 
                         the onset locations of EPBs are far outside the observation 
                         sector. This paper presents a review on the current knowledge of 
                         EPBs and ionospheric scintillations in the East and Southeast 
                         Asia, including their generation mechanism and occurrence 
                         morphology, and discusses some unresolved issues related to their 
                         short-term forecasting, including (1) what factors control the 
                         generation of EPBs, its day-to-day variability and storm-time 
                         behavior, (2) what factors control the evolution and lifetime of 
                         EPBs, and (3) how to accurately determine ionospheric 
                         scintillation from EPB measurements. Special focus is given to the 
                         whole process of the EPB generation, development and disruption. 
                         The current observing capabilities, future new facilities and 
                         campaign observations in the East and Southeast Asia in helping to 
                         better understand the short-term variability of EPBs and 
                         ionospheric scintillations are outlined.",
                  doi = "10.1007/s10712-020-09613-5",
                  url = "http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10712-020-09613-5",
                 issn = "0169-3298",
             language = "en",
           targetfile = "li_challenges.pdf",
        urlaccessdate = "20 maio 2024"
}