@Article{SilvaFGNMFASDLL:2021:InBaDo,
               author = "Silva, Sonaira Souza da and Fearnside, Philip Martin and 
                         Gra{\c{c}}a, Paulo Maur{\'{\i}}cio Lima de Alencastro and 
                         Numata, Izaya and Melo, Antonio Willian Flores de and Ferreira, 
                         Evandro Linhares and Arag{\~a}o, Luiz Eduardo Oliveira e Cruz de 
                         and Santos, Edneia Ara{\'u}jo and Dias, Maury S{\'e}rgio and 
                         Lima, Rodrigo Cunha and Lima, Pedro Raimundo Ferreira",
          affiliation = "{Universidade Federal do Acre (UFAC)} and {Instituto Nacional de 
                         Pesquisas da Amaz{\^o}nia (INPA)} and {Instituto Nacional de 
                         Pesquisas da Amaz{\^o}nia (INPA)} and {South Dakota State 
                         University (SDSU)} and {Universidade Federal do Acre (UFAC)} and 
                         {Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amaz{\^o}nia (INPA)} and 
                         {Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE)} and 
                         {Universidade Federal do Acre (UFAC)} and {Northern Educational 
                         Union (UNINORTE)} and {Northern Educational Union (UNINORTE)} and 
                         {Universidade Federal do Acre (UFAC)}",
                title = "Increasing bamboo dominance in southwestern Amazon forests 
                         following intensification of drought-mediated fires",
              journal = "Forest Ecology and Management",
                 year = "2021",
               volume = "490",
                pages = "e119139",
                month = "June",
             keywords = "Forest fires, Droughts, Forest degradation, Bamboo, Guadua.",
             abstract = "Since the late 1980s the Amazon rainforest has been affected by 
                         major forest fires every 35 years, mainly in the southwestern 
                         portion of the region. Besides the reduction of forest biomass and 
                         changes in structure and floristic composition, these forest fires 
                         favor the expansion of bamboo in forests in the southwestern 
                         Amazon. However, we know little about the impact of fire on bamboo 
                         expansion and changes in forest structure. The goal of this study 
                         is to quantify forest degradation by fire in areas with bamboo in 
                         the eastern portion of the state of Acre, Brazil, based upon a 
                         combination of forest-inventory and satellite remote-sensing data. 
                         The forest fires were defined by remote sensing as those in which 
                         the crowns of the trees were directly or indirectly affected by 
                         fire to the point that they cause a detectable impact on the 
                         optical satellite images in the 19842016 period. We measured trees 
                         and bamboo in 6 ha distributed in twelve 0.5-ha plots (100 m × 50 
                         m) in unburned forest, forest burned in 2005, burned forest in 
                         2010 and forest burned in both 2005 and 2010. Our results show 
                         change in the structure of the forest with a reduction in the 
                         number of live trees as the number of bamboo culms increases after 
                         the forest fires. The amount of breakage and damage to the trees 
                         by the bamboo culms can double or triple with the expansion of the 
                         bamboo after fire impact. Bamboo expansion was identified based on 
                         an increase of the proportion of pixels with near-infrared channel 
                         reflectance values > 3500. The impact of forest fires resulted in 
                         incursion and dominance of bamboo culms over an area of 120,000 
                         ha, changing the forest type of this area to bamboo-dominated 
                         forest. Our results clearly show that drought-induced forest fires 
                         with anthropogenic sources are capable of shifting the structure 
                         of forest in southwestern Amazonia towards bamboo-dominated 
                         forest. With future climate scenarios indicating more frequent and 
                         extensive droughts due to global warming, which, together with the 
                         use of fire for new deforestation and for managing pasture and 
                         agricultural fields, can be expected to cause more forests in 
                         southwestern Amazonia to be exposed to extensive fires and 
                         potential increase in bamboo density.",
                  doi = "10.1016/j.foreco.2021.119139",
                  url = "http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2021.119139",
                 issn = "0378-1127",
             language = "en",
           targetfile = "silva_increasing.pdf",
        urlaccessdate = "02 maio 2024"
}