@Article{HenkesFiscMachChab:2021:MoBoLa,
               author = "Henkes, Alice Franci{\'e}li and Fisch, Gilberto Fernando and 
                         Machado, Luiz Augusto Toledo and Chaboureau, Jean Pierre",
          affiliation = "{Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE)} and 
                         {Universidade de Taubat{\'e} (UNITAU)} and {Instituto Nacional de 
                         Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE)} and {Universit{\'e} de Toulouse}",
                title = "Morning boundary layer conditions for shallow to deep convective 
                         cloud evolution during the dry season in the central Amazon",
              journal = "Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussion",
                 year = "2021",
               volume = "2021",
                pages = "1--29",
             abstract = "Observations of the boundary layer (BL) processes are analyzed in 
                         four shallow convective days (ShCu) and four shallow-to-deep 
                         convective days (ShDeep) using a suite of ground-based 
                         measurements from the second Intensive Operating Period as part of 
                         the Observation and Modeling of the Green Ocean Amazon (IOP2; 
                         GoAmazon 2014/5) Experiment. The BL stages in ShDeep days, from 
                         the nighttime to the cloudy mixing layer stage, are then described 
                         in comparison with ShCu days. Atmosphere thermodynamics and 
                         dynamics, environmental profiles, and surface fluxes were employed 
                         to compare these two distinct situations for each stage of the BL 
                         evolution. Particular attention is given to the morning transition 
                         stage, in which the BL changes from stable to unstable conditions 
                         in the early morning hours. Results show that the duration of the 
                         morning transition on ShDeep days decreases under high humidity 
                         and intense vertical wind shear. Higher humidity since nighttime 
                         not only contributes to lowering the cloud base during the rapid 
                         growth of the BL but also contributes to the balance between 
                         radiative cooling and turbulent mixing during nighttime, resulting 
                         in large sensible heat flux in the early morning. A large sensible 
                         heat flux promotes rapid growth of the well-mixed layer, thus 
                         favoring the deeper BL starting from around 08:00\ LST. 
                         Under these conditions, turbulent mixing provides a lifting 
                         mechanism by which air parcels reach the lifting condensation 
                         level, leading to the formation of shallow cumulus clouds and 
                         their subsequent evolution into deep convective clouds.",
                  doi = "10.5194/acp-2021-87",
                  url = "http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-2021-87",
                 issn = "1680-7367",
             language = "en",
           targetfile = "henkes_morning.pdf",
        urlaccessdate = "21 maio 2024"
}