@Article{SouzaPezSwaOliSan:2021:AiInOv,
               author = "Souza, Ronald Buss de and Pezzi, Luciano Ponzi and Swart, 
                         Sebastiaan and Oliveira, Fabr{\'{\i}}cio and Santini, Marcelo 
                         Freitas",
          affiliation = "{Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE)} and {Instituto 
                         Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE)} and {University of 
                         Gothenburg} and {Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (FURG)} and 
                         {Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE)}",
                title = "Air-sea interactions over eddies in the Brazil-malvinas 
                         confluence",
              journal = "Remote Sensing",
                 year = "2021",
               volume = "13",
               number = "7",
                pages = "e1335",
                month = "Apr.",
             keywords = "Brazil-Malvinas Confluence, mesoscale eddies, air-sea interaction, 
                         marine atmospheric boundary layer, heat fluxes.",
             abstract = "The Brazil-Malvinas Confluence (BMC) is one of the most dynamical 
                         regions of the global ocean. Its variability is dominated by the 
                         mesoscale, mainly expressed by the presence of meanders and 
                         eddies, which are understood to be local regulators of air-sea 
                         interaction processes. The objective of this work is to study the 
                         local modulation of air-sea interaction variables by the presence 
                         of either a warm (ED1) and a cold core (ED2) eddy, present in the 
                         BMC, during September to November 2013. The translation and 
                         lifespans of both eddies were determined using satellite-derived 
                         sea level anomaly (SLA) data. Time series of satellite-derived 
                         surface wind data, as well as these and other meteorological 
                         variables, retrieved from ERA5 reanalysis at the eddies successive 
                         positions in time, allowed us to investigate the temporal 
                         modulation of the lower atmosphere by the eddies presence along 
                         their translation and lifespan. The reanalysis data indicate a 
                         mean increase of 78% in sensible and 55% in latent heat fluxes 
                         along the warm eddy trajectory in comparison to the surrounding 
                         ocean of the study region. Over the cold core eddy, on the other 
                         hand, we noticed a mean reduction of 49% and 25% in sensible and 
                         latent heat fluxes, respectively, compared to the adjacent ocean. 
                         Additionally, a field campaign observed both eddies and the lower 
                         atmosphere from ship-borne observations before, during and after 
                         crossing both eddies in the study region during October 2013. The 
                         presence of the eddies was imprinted on several surface 
                         meteorological variables depending on the sea surface temperature 
                         (SST) in the eddy cores. In situ oceanographic and meteorological 
                         data, together with high frequency micrometeorological data, were 
                         also used here to demonstrate that the local, rather than the 
                         large scale forcing of the eddies on the atmosphere above, is, as 
                         expected, the principal driver of air-sea interaction when 
                         transient atmospheric systems are stable (not actively varying) in 
                         the study region. We also make use of the in situ data to show the 
                         differences (biases) between bulk heat flux estimates (used on 
                         atmospheric reanalysis products) and eddy covariance measurements 
                         (taken as sea truth) of both sensible and latent heat fluxes. The 
                         findings demonstrate the importance of short-term changes (minutes 
                         to hours) in both the atmosphere and the ocean in contributing to 
                         these biases. We conclude by emphasizing the importance of the 
                         mesoscale oceanographic structures in the BMC on impacting local 
                         air-sea heat fluxes and the marine atmospheric boundary layer 
                         stability, especially under large scale, high-pressure atmospheric 
                         conditions.",
                  doi = "10.3390/rs13071335",
                  url = "http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13071335",
                 issn = "2072-4292",
             language = "en",
           targetfile = "remotesensing-13-01335-v2.pdf",
        urlaccessdate = "20 maio 2024"
}