@Article{BakerGGMBRNAS:2021:SpPaSe,
               author = "Baker, Jessica C. A. and Garcia Carreras, Luis and Gloor, Manuel 
                         and Marsham, John H. and Buermann, Wolfgang and Rocha, Humberto R. 
                         da and Nobre, Antonio Donato and Ara{\'u}jo, Alessandro Carioca 
                         de and Spracklen, Dominick V.",
          affiliation = "{University of Leeds} and {University of Manchester} and 
                         {University of Leeds} and {University of Leeds} and 
                         {Universit{\"a}t Augsburg} and {Universidade de S{\~a}o Paulo 
                         (USP)} and {Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE)} and 
                         {Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecu{\'a}ria (EMBRAPA)} and 
                         {University of Leeds}",
                title = "Evapotranspiration in the Amazon: spatial patterns, seasonality, 
                         and recent trends in observations, reanalysis, and climate 
                         models",
              journal = "Hydrology and Earth System Sciences",
                 year = "2021",
               volume = "25",
               number = "4",
                pages = "2279--2300",
                month = "Apr.",
             abstract = "Water recycled through transpiring forests influences the spatial 
                         distribution of precipitation in the Amazon and has been shown to 
                         play a role in the initiation of the wet season. However, due to 
                         the challenges and costs associated with measuring 
                         evapotranspiration (ET) directly and high uncertainty in 
                         remote-sensing ET retrievals, the spatial and temporal patterns in 
                         Amazon ET remain poorly understood. In this study, we estimated ET 
                         over the Amazon and 10 sub-basins using a catchment-balance 
                         approach, whereby ET is calculated directly as the balance between 
                         precipitation, runoff, and change in groundwater storage. We 
                         compared our results with ET from remote-sensing datasets, 
                         reanalysis, models from Phase 5 and Phase 6 of the Coupled Model 
                         Intercomparison Projects (CMIP5 and CMIP6 respectively), and in 
                         situ flux tower measurements to provide a comprehensive overview 
                         of current understanding. Catchment-balance analysis revealed a 
                         gradient in ET from east to west/southwest across the Amazon 
                         Basin, a strong seasonal cycle in basin-mean ET primarily 
                         controlled by net incoming radiation, and no trend in ET over the 
                         past 2 decades. This approach has a degree of uncertainty, due to 
                         errors in each of the terms of the water budget; therefore, we 
                         conducted an error analysis to identify the range of likely 
                         values. Satellite datasets, reanalysis, and climate models all 
                         tended to overestimate the magnitude of ET relative to 
                         catchment-balance estimates, underestimate seasonal and 
                         interannual variability, and show conflicting positive and 
                         negative trends. Only two out of six satellite and model datasets 
                         analysed reproduced spatial and seasonal variation in Amazon ET, 
                         and captured the same controls on ET as indicated by 
                         catchment-balance analysis. CMIP5 and CMIP6 ET was inconsistent 
                         with catchment-balance estimates over all scales analysed. 
                         Overall, the discrepancies between data products and models 
                         revealed by our analysis demonstrate a need for more ground-based 
                         ET measurements in the Amazon as well as a need to substantially 
                         improve model representation of this fundamental component of the 
                         Amazon hydrological cycle.",
                  doi = "10.5194/hess-25-2279-2021",
                  url = "http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-2279-2021",
                 issn = "1027-5606",
             language = "en",
           targetfile = "baker_evapotranspiration.pdf",
        urlaccessdate = "19 maio 2024"
}