@Article{SouzaAKVCMFS:2021:SePrVa,
               author = "Souza, Itamara Parente de and Andreoli, Rita Val{\'e}ria and 
                         Kayano, Mary Toshie and Vargas, Franci Flores and Cer{\'o}n, 
                         Wilmar L. and Martins, Jorge Alberto and Freitas, Edmilson and 
                         Souza, Rodrigo Augusto Ferreira de",
          affiliation = "{Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amaz{\^o}nia (INPA)} and 
                         {Universidade do Estado do Amazonas (UEA)} and {Instituto Nacional 
                         de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE)} and {Instituto Nacional de 
                         Pesquisas da Amaz{\^o}nia (INPA)} and {Universidad del Valle 
                         Calle} and {} and {Universidade de S{\~a}o Paulo (USP)} and 
                         {Universidade do Estado do Amazonas (UEA)}",
                title = "Seasonal precipitation variability modes over South America 
                         associated to El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and non-ENSO 
                         components during the 1951–2016 period",
              journal = "International Journal of Climatology",
                 year = "2021",
               volume = "41",
                pages = "4321--4338",
                month = "Mar.",
             keywords = "ENSO, Indian Ocean, precipitation, South America, SST, Tropical 
                         Atlantic.",
             abstract = "Anomalous seasonal patterns of precipitation variability over 
                         South America (SA) associated with El Niño-Southern Oscillation 
                         (ENSO) and non-ENSO (residual) conditions were assessed during 
                         19512016. Patterns were obtained from empirical orthogonal 
                         functions analysis of total and residual precipitation seasonal 
                         anomalies. In austral spring and summer, precipitation variability 
                         is dominated by a dipolar anomaly mode with a centre extending 
                         from northwestern to northeastern SA and another in 
                         central-eastern Brazil and part of southeastern SA (SESA) during 
                         spring, and a centre in northwestern SA and another extending from 
                         northeastern SA to central and eastern Brazil and central SESA, 
                         during summer. These modes are associated with ENSO to a greater 
                         extent during spring than summer. In summer, there is a strong 
                         association of the dipolar precipitation pattern with sea surface 
                         temperature (SST) anomalies on the east coast of Brazil, which 
                         indicates local influence. In austral fall, SST anomalies in the 
                         tropical South Atlantic relate to precipitation anomalies in 
                         northeast SA, and those in the tropical north Atlantic (TNA) to 
                         precipitation anomalies in northwestern SA, through the 
                         intertropical convergence zone anomalous position modulated by SST 
                         anomalies. In this same condition, the ENSO acts only to intensify 
                         or weaken the dominant precipitation pattern, depending on its 
                         phase, mainly over SESA. In contrast, the second variability mode 
                         in fall is characterized by positive SST anomalies in the Indian 
                         Ocean and equatorial and southern Atlantic Ocean and negative in 
                         the TNA. The importance of ENSO and the Indian Ocean in the 
                         characterization of the SST dipole in the tropical Atlantic 
                         explains the main changes in precipitation patterns over 
                         northeastern Brazil not been discussed in previous studies.",
                  doi = "10.1002/joc.7075",
                  url = "http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/joc.7075",
                 issn = "0899-8418",
             language = "en",
           targetfile = "souza_seasonal.pdf",
        urlaccessdate = "03 maio 2024"
}