@Article{SallesVanMorCosPau:2021:InIoSc,
               author = "Salles, Lucas A. and Vani, Bruno C. and Moraes, Alison and Costa, 
                         Emanoel and Paula, Eurico Rodrigues de",
          affiliation = "{Instituto Tecnol{\'o}gico de Aeron{\'a}utica (ITA)} and 
                         Instituto Federal de Educa{\c{c}}{\~a}o, Ci{\^e}ncia e 
                         Tecnologia de S{\~a}o Paulo (IFSP) and {Instituto de 
                         Aeron{\'a}utica e Espa{\c{c}}o (IAE)} and {Pontif{\'{\i}}cia 
                         Universidade Cat{\'o}lica do Rio de Janeiro (PUC-Rio)} and 
                         {Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE)}",
                title = "Investigating Ionospheric Scintillation Effects on Multifrequency 
                         GPS Signals",
              journal = "Surveys in Geophysics",
                 year = "2021",
               volume = "42",
               number = "4",
                pages = "999--1025",
                month = "July",
             keywords = "Ionospheric scintillationEquatorial plasma bubblesGNSS fading 
                         characterization.",
             abstract = "Over the last 15 years, the satellite constellation of the global 
                         positioning system (GPS) has been modernized for more precise 
                         applications, with the introduction of the L2C and L5 signals. 
                         However, among other effects, they are susceptible to severe 
                         ionospheric effects, particularly in the equatorial and 
                         low-latitude regions. Equatorial plasma bubbles, resulting from 
                         the combination of the ionospheric electrodynamics with plasma 
                         instability mechanisms and thermospheric coupling, may generate 
                         irregularity structures with scale sizes ranging from hundreds of 
                         kilometers to a few meters (or less). Ionospheric irregularities 
                         may cause deep amplitude fades and phase shifts to 
                         transionospheric signals. That is, they are responsible for 
                         amplitude and phase scintillation, which degrade receiver 
                         operations and may cause failures and unavailability to 
                         positioning and navigation services under extreme conditions. The 
                         objective of the present work is to analyze ionospheric 
                         scintillation effects on the L2C and L5 GPS signals, to compare 
                         their vulnerabilities with those of the L1 signal. The data used 
                         in this analysis were collected between November 2014 and March 
                         2015, during the maximum solar activity of cycle 24 (a period of 
                         great scintillation incidence), by scintillation monitors deployed 
                         at four different sites in the Brazilian territory: Fortaleza, 
                         Presidente Prudente, Sao Jose dos Campos, and Porto Alegre. 
                         Intensity fades will be analyzed, considering different 
                         thresholds, to reveal their empirical probability distributions of 
                         scintillation occurrence, average fading occurrences and 
                         durations. The results will show that greater probabilities of 
                         strong scintillation occurrences are present in the modernized 
                         signals, reaching up to five times more events in the L5 signal in 
                         comparison with those in the legacy L1 signal. It will be shown 
                         that the L5 average fade duration is distinctly longer than the 
                         corresponding ones for the other frequencies, considering the same 
                         site, threshold, and L1 amplitude scintillation level. The results 
                         will also show that the average fade duration decreases according 
                         to the average ratio 0.6 s/3 dB within the threshold range from - 
                         6 to - 15 dB, considering the same amplitude scintillation level 
                         and location.",
                  doi = "10.1007/s10712-021-09643-7",
                  url = "http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10712-021-09643-7",
                 issn = "0169-3298",
             language = "en",
           targetfile = "Salles2021_Article_InvestigatingIonosphericScinti.pdf",
        urlaccessdate = "02 maio 2024"
}