@Article{SampaioRoVoSiArRo:2021:SeHeFl,
               author = "Sampaio, Rafael Jo{\~a}o and Rodriguez, Daniel Andres and Von 
                         Randow, Celso and Silva, Fabr{\'{\i}}cio Polifke da and 
                         Ara{\'u}jo, Afonso Augusto Magalh{\~a}es de and Rotunno Filho, 
                         Otto Correa",
          affiliation = "{Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ)} and {Universidade 
                         Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ)} and {Instituto Nacional de 
                         Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE)} and {Universidade Federal do Rio de 
                         Janeiro (UFRJ)} and {Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro 
                         (UFRJ)} and {Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ)}",
                title = "Sensible heat flux assessment in a complex coastal-mountain urban 
                         area in the metropolitan area of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil",
              journal = "Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics",
                 year = "2021",
               volume = "133",
                pages = "973--987",
             abstract = "Obtaining accurate estimates of surface-atmosphere energy 
                         exchanges and improved comprehension of the mechanisms generating 
                         turbulent fluxes over non-uniform landscapes are both challenging 
                         goals and essential for validating numerical weather forecasting 
                         modeling. In this work, a large-aperture scintillometer (LAS) was 
                         deployed to evaluate the effect of mesoscale sea and valley 
                         breezes with respect to diurnal sensible heat flux (H) variability 
                         over an urban area close to a coastal bay near the metropolitan 
                         area of Rio de Janeiro (MARJ) during the austral summer of 
                         2017-2018 time span. The region is characterized by a densely 
                         urbanized environment, surrounded by mountainous relief and 
                         bounded by a large ocean bay. The transmitter and the receiver of 
                         the LAS system were installed 1955 m apart. Diurnal cycle was 
                         divided into four periods according to the local time: dawn (00 
                         a.m. to 6 a.m.), morning (6 a.m. to 12 a.m.), afternoon (12 a.m. 
                         to 6 p.m.), and night (6 p.m. to 00 a.m.). The results 
                         demonstrated the sensitivity of the LAS to record variations in H 
                         over the course of the day, taking into account the corresponding 
                         sea and valley breezes and the relative humidity variability. 
                         During the morning, when valley breezes are predominant, footprint 
                         area shrinks to its smallest size, encompassing an area of 
                         approximately 2 km(2). On the other side, during afternoon and 
                         night time periods, during afternoon and night time periods, the 
                         presence of sea breeze jointly with a densely urbanized 
                         continental area contribute to promote significant changes in the 
                         footprint area ranging from 2.05 to 5.38 km(2). The effects of 
                         topography are also well captured in the diurnal H cycle once 
                         sunset and corresponding shading in the late afternoon abruptly 
                         reduces heat-sensible flux. Diurnal variations in footprint shape 
                         and area lead to modifications in terms of the mode each type of 
                         urban surface will contribute to H, increasing the influence of 
                         anthropogenic elements in afternoon and early evening. 
                         Complementarily, it is noteworthy to mention that a sensitivity 
                         test was performed to assess uncertainties in H estimates for the 
                         free convection method, which requires the estimation of an 
                         empirical constant b. Variations in this constant introduce larger 
                         dispersion in H estimates than potential errors in LAS effective 
                         height (Z(eff)) estimations or temperature measurements. These 
                         last results highlight the importance of conducting further 
                         evaluations as the one pursued in this study to more rigorously 
                         validate the outputs of numerical mesoscale and local 
                         hydrometeorological models and remotely sensed products.",
                  doi = "10.1007/s00703-021-00812-2",
                  url = "http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00703-021-00812-2",
                 issn = "0177-7971",
             language = "en",
           targetfile = "sampaio_sensible_2021.pdf",
        urlaccessdate = "21 maio 2024"
}