@Article{RegotoDereChouBazz:2021:ObChAi,
               author = "Regoto, Pedro and Dereczynski, Claudine and Chou, Sin Chan and 
                         Bazzanela, Anna Carolina",
          affiliation = "{Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (URFJ)} and {Universidade 
                         Federal do Rio de Janeiro (URFJ)} and {Instituto Nacional de 
                         Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE)} and {Universidade Federal do Rio de 
                         Janeiro (URFJ)}",
                title = "Observed changes in air temperature and precipitation extremes 
                         over Brazil",
              journal = "International Journal of Climatology",
                 year = "2021",
               volume = "41",
               number = "11",
                pages = "5125--5142",
                month = "Sept.",
             keywords = "annual and seasonal trendsclimate changeclimate extremes.",
             abstract = "We analyse seasonal and annual trends of extreme indices of air 
                         temperature and precipitation over Brazil during the period 
                         1961-2018. The main goal is to investigate whether the climate is 
                         changing and if so, to explore if there is any marked seasonality 
                         in such changes. The daily observed datasets of maximum and 
                         minimum temperatures, and precipitation, are provided by the 
                         Brazilian National Institute of Meteorology and National Water 
                         Agency. We use the Sen Curvature and Mann-Kendall statistical 
                         tests to compute the magnitudes and to evaluate the statistical 
                         significance of climate extremes trends, respectively. The results 
                         show that the warm extremes frequency of occurrence is increasing 
                         significantly while the opposite occurs for cold extremes, which 
                         reveals a very consistent and widespread warming over Brazil. The 
                         highest increases in warm extremes occur during austral spring and 
                         summer while for the cold extremes the greatest decreases are 
                         observed during austral winter. Unlike temperature, precipitation 
                         extremes show heterogeneous signals for most of the country. In 
                         Northeast Brazil, there are changes towards a drier climate, 
                         especially in summer and autumn. In the Southern region, the 
                         climate is becoming wetter, with a reduction in consecutive dry 
                         days, especially in spring. For the other regions, there is no 
                         strong clear change sign, but both positive and negative 
                         precipitation extreme trends, without statistical significance 
                         (mostly in Southeast Region).",
                  doi = "10.1002/joc.7119",
                  url = "http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/joc.7119",
                 issn = "0899-8418",
             language = "en",
           targetfile = "regoto_observed_compressed.pdf",
        urlaccessdate = "27 abr. 2024"
}