@Article{GanFPRGFNS:2021:PaII,
               author = "Gan, Manoel Alonso and Ferreira, S{\'e}rgio Henrique Soares and 
                         Piva, Everson D. and Rozante, Jos{\'e} Roberto and Garcia, 
                         Jos{\'e} Roberto Motta and Fernandes, Alex de Almeida and Neves, 
                         Andr{\'e} Lucio de Oliveira and Silva, Vinicios Matoso",
          affiliation = "{Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE)} and {Instituto 
                         Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE)} and {Universidade Federal 
                         de Santa Maria (UFSM)} and {Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas 
                         Espaciais (INPE)} and {Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais 
                         (INPE)} and {Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE)} and 
                         {Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE)} and {Instituto 
                         Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE)}",
                title = "Avalia{\c{c}}{\~a}o da Energ{\'e}tica Prevista nos Modelos 
                         Regionais BRAMS, ETA e WRF: Parte I-Inverno",
              journal = "Revista Brasileira de Meteorologia",
                 year = "2021",
               volume = "36",
               number = "4",
                pages = "775--803",
             keywords = "Evaluation, Kinetic energy, Regional models, energia 
                         cin{\'e}tica, avalia{\c{c}}{\~a}o, modelos regionais.",
             abstract = "The aim of this study is to evaluate the terms of the eddy kinetic 
                         energy (K) equation in the 24 h and 48 h forecasts of the regional 
                         models BRAMS, WRF and ETA. These models were operationally 
                         integrated at the Weather Forecast and Climate Studies Center 
                         (CPTEC). The evaluation period was from June 1 to August 31, 2016 
                         and the domain was the region of South America. The horizontal 
                         resolution of the three models is 5 km and the temporal is 6 h. 
                         The initial and boundary conditions were obtained from the Global 
                         Forecast System (GFS) of the National Centers for Environmental 
                         Prediction (NCEP), with a horizontal resolution of 0.25°. The 
                         models were initialized only with the analysis of 1200 UTC. The 
                         non-hydrostatic version of the three models was run, with WRF 
                         using Kain-Frisch cumulus parameterization, ETA Betts-Miller 
                         culumus parameterization and BRAMS Grell and Freitas. In general, 
                         the three models underestimate K in mid-latitudes, mainly over the 
                         oceans, however, ETA is the one that underestimates the least and 
                         WRF the most. Regarding the terms of baroclinic and barotropic 
                         conversion, in addition to the term of ageostrophic flow 
                         convergence, the three models have a similar pattern of these 
                         three terms with that of GFS numerical analysis. RESUMO: O 
                         objetivo deste estudo {\'e} avaliar os termos da 
                         equa{\c{c}}{\~a}o da tend{\^e}ncia da energia cin{\'e}tica do 
                         dist{\'u}rbio (K) nas previs{\~o}es de 24 h e 48 h dos modelos 
                         regionais BRAMS, WRF e ETA. Estes modelos foram integrados 
                         operacionalmente no Centro de Previs{\~a}o de Tempo e Estudos 
                         Clim{\'a}ticos (CPTEC). O per{\'{\i}}odo de 
                         avalia{\c{c}}{\~a}o foi de 1 de junho a 31 de agosto de 2016, 
                         sendo que o dom{\'{\i}}nio utilizado foi a regi{\~a}o da 
                         Am{\'e}rica do Sul. A resolu{\c{c}}{\~a}o horizontal dos 
                         modelos {\'e} de 5 km e a temporal {\'e} de 6 horas. As 
                         condi{\c{c}}{\~o}es iniciais e de contorno foram obtidas do 
                         Global Forecast System (GFS) do National Centers for Environmental 
                         Prediction (NCEP), com resolu{\c{c}}{\~a}o horizontal de 0,25°. 
                         Os modelos foram inicializados apenas com a an{\'a}lise das 1200 
                         UTC. Os modelos foram integrados com a vers{\~a}o 
                         n{\~a}o-hidrost{\'a}tica, sendo que o WRF utilizou a 
                         parametriza{\c{c}}{\~a}o cumulus de Kain-Frisch, o ETA a 
                         parametriza{\c{c}}{\~a}o culumus de Betts-Miller e o BRAMS Grell 
                         e Freitas. Em geral, os tr{\^e}s modelos subestimam K nas 
                         latitudes m{\'e}dias, principalmente sobre os oceanos, por{\'e}m 
                         o ETA {\'e} o que menos subestima e o WRF o que tem o maior 
                         vi{\'e}s negativo. Com rela{\c{c}}{\~a}o aos termos de 
                         convers{\~a}o barocl{\'{\i}}nica e barotr{\'o}pica, al{\'e}m 
                         do termo de converg{\^e}ncia do fluxo ageostr{\'o}fico, os 
                         tr{\^e}s modelos apresentam um padr{\~a}o semelhante aos das 
                         an{\'a}lises num{\'e}ricas do GFS.",
                  doi = "10.1590/0102-77863640042",
                  url = "http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0102-77863640042",
                 issn = "0102-7786",
             language = "pt",
           targetfile = "Gan_2021.pdf",
        urlaccessdate = "02 maio 2024"
}