@InProceedings{KellerCFPLDSO:2022:FoDeRa,
               author = "Keller, Michael Maier and Csillik, Ovidiu and Ferraz, Antonio and 
                         Pinag{\'e}, Ekena Rangel and Longo, Marcos and Duffy, Paul and 
                         Saatchi, Sassan S. and Ometto, Jean Pierre Henry Balbaud",
          affiliation = "{US Forest Service San Juan} and {NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory} 
                         and {NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory} and {Oregon State University} 
                         and {Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory} and {Neptune and 
                         Company} and JPL and {Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais 
                         (INPE)}",
                title = "Forest degradation rates and carbon changes in the Brazilian Arc 
                         of Deforestation using repeated airborne lidar",
                 year = "2022",
         organization = "AGU Fall Meeting",
            publisher = "AGU",
             abstract = "The Brazilian Amazon is a hotspot of deforestation and forest 
                         degradation caused by logging, fire, and deforestation-associated 
                         fragmentation and edge effects. While the extent of deforestation 
                         and associated carbon losses are relatively well known, the 
                         quantification of the carbon losses caused by degradation and the 
                         carbon gained by recovery of degraded forest ranges widely. We 
                         present a detailed analysis of forest changes and associated 
                         carbon gains and losses by using repeated randomized airborne 
                         lidar surveys for 2016 and 2017 over 102 different transects 
                         covering more than 50,000 ha throughout the Brazilian Arc of 
                         Deforestation . We directly measured changes in canopy height and 
                         used previously calibrated allometric equations to estimate 
                         aboveground carbon changes. After gridding the surveyed area to 50 
                         m x 50 m, we found that 21.6% of the area analyzed suffered losses 
                         in canopy height that exceeded 0.5 m, while only 16.3% of the area 
                         had canopy height recovery higher than 0.5 m. This translates to 
                         an annual carbon loss of 102.8 GgC, while carbon gained through 
                         forest regrowth was 33.4 GgC. Canopy height losses that exceeded 5 
                         m accounted for 6.1% of the loss area identified but were 
                         responsible for 28.3% of the total aboveground carbon loss. When 
                         separated according to legally protected status, carbon changes on 
                         loss areas averaged -7.1 ± 7.6 (standard deviation) MgC/ha-y 
                         inside indigenous territories, -9.8 ± 13.0 MgC/ha-y within 
                         conservation units and -10.1 ± 12.1 MgC/ha-y outside the two 
                         protected categories. Carbon changes in gain areas averaged 4.0 ± 
                         1.8 MgC/ha-y with no discernible differences among the three 
                         categories. To attribute carbon losses to different degradation 
                         drivers, we trained a machine learning model based on lidar point 
                         cloud metrics and visual interpretation of high resolution 
                         satellite imagery to differentiate between multiple types of 
                         deforestation and forest degradation (e.g. logging, fire). 
                         Extrapolating the results to the extent of the Arc of 
                         Deforestation represented by our randomized airborne campaigns, we 
                         find that forest degradation would account for a substantial 
                         portion of Brazilian carbon emissions were it considered in 
                         national budgets. Our study presents one of the first large-scale 
                         quantifications of carbon losses due to forest degradation from 
                         logging and fire.",
  conference-location = "Chicago, IL",
      conference-year = "12-16 Dec. 2022",
        urlaccessdate = "28 abr. 2024"
}