@PhDThesis{SánchezJuarez:2023:ObSiSt,
author = "S{\'a}nchez Juarez, Sa{\'u}l Alejandro",
title = "Observational and simulation study of rapid and small amplitude
co-seismic ionospheric disturbances during weak to strong
earthquakes",
school = "Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE)",
year = "2023",
address = "S{\~a}o Jos{\'e} dos Campos",
month = "2023-05-22",
keywords = "earthquakes, Seismo-Atmosphere-Ionosphere (SAI), simulation of the
SAI numerical and analytical code, TEC-GNSS, Co-seismic
ionospheric disturbances or ionoquakes, terremotos,
Sismo-Atmosfera-Ionosfera (SAI), simula{\c{c}}{\~a}o de SAI do
c{\'o}digo num{\'e}rico e anal{\'{\i}}tico, TEC-GNSS,
dist{\'u}rbios ionosf{\'e}ricos co-s{\'{\i}}smicos ou
ionoquakes.",
abstract = "The ionosphere hosts co-seismic ionospheric disturbances or
Ionoquakes during earthquakes due to Seismo-Atmosphere-Ionosphere
(SAI) coupling, in which seismic vibration at the surface of the
Earth triggers coupled energetics into the atmosphere and
ionosphere in the form of various atmospheric/plasma waves.
Ionoquake detection from Doppler radars, Total-Electron-Content
(TEC) measurements from GNSS receivers, and magnetometers have
revealed them to be the potential candidate for monitoring
earthquake energetics in space. Continuous coverage around the
globe from GNSS networks made it possible to monitor disturbances
in TEC around seismic faults with high spatial/temporal
resolutions and to detect ionoquakes unambiguously. This
monitoring mode offers the possibility to connect ionoquakes
energetics with earthquake energetics such as the magnitude,
vertical ground velocity (or {{{"}uplift{"}),}} seismic energy,
and epicenter location of an earthquake. Moreover, continuous
monitoring may facilitate the rapid detection of the ionoquakes in
Near-Real-Time (NRT) when the earthquake mainshock is still on.
Currently, no reliable tools provide information on earthquake
energetics from monitoring the attributes of ionoquakes. Also, no
report is available on the rapid ionoquake detection in less than
400 seconds from the mainshock, a progressive scenario towards NRT
monitoring of ionoquakes. This thesis aims to deal with these
unresolved research topics and focuses on the following specific
issues: (1) Detection of the ionoquakes associated with moderate
and weak earthquakes, (2) Detection of the rapid ionoquakes and
their validation with the simulation, (3) Quantification of the
relation between ionoquake and earthquake energetics. The thesis
executes the following tasks to address these issues: (1) Develop
a strategy to detect ionoquakes associated with moderate and weak
earthquakes (Chapter 3), (2) Development of the fast mathematical
solver for the ionoquake simulation (Chapter 4), (3) Development
of methods to detect and monitor the energetics of rapid
ionoquakes during few selected strong earthquakes (Chapter 5), (4)
Validation of rapid ionoquake detections using fast simulation
(Chapter 6), (5) Selection of recent 50 strong earthquakes for
which TEC and seismometer data are available (Chapter 7). The main
results of the thesis are the following: (1) In the combined
framework of observation and simulation, ionoquake detection from
moderate and weak earthquakes is {{possible;}} (2) New methodology
detects rapid ionoquakes in 250-400 seconds from the time of peak
seismic {{uplift;}} (3) The simulation validates the rapid
ionoquake detection by producing the ionoquakes of similar
energetics as those from {{observation;}} (4) The simulation
produces rapid ionoquakes in a simulation time faster than their
detection {{time;}} (5) Positive correlation larger than 0.8
between earthquake and ionoquake energetics. RESUMO: A ionosfera
hospeda dist{\'u}rbios ionosf{\'e}ricos co-s{\'{\i}}smicos ou
Ionoquakes durante terremotos devido ao acoplamento
sismo-atmosfera-ionosfera (SAI), no qual a vibra{\c{c}}{\~a}o
s{\'{\i}}smica na superf{\'{\i}}cie da Terra desencadeia
energias acopladas na atmosfera e ionosfera na forma de
v{\'a}rios efeitos ondas atmosf{\'e}ricas/ondas de plasma. A
detec{\c{c}}{\~a}o de ionoquake de radares Doppler,
medi{\c{c}}{\~o}es de conte{\'u}do total de el{\'e}trons (TEC)
de receptores GNSS e magnet{\^o}metros revelaram que eles
s{\~a}o o candidato potencial para monitorar a energia do
terremoto no espa{\c{c}}o. A cobertura cont{\'{\i}}nua em todo
o mundo a partir de redes GNSS tornou poss{\'{\i}}vel monitorar
dist{\'u}rbios no TEC em torno de falhas s{\'{\i}}smicas com
altas resolu{\c{c}}{\~o}es espa{\c{c}}o/temporais e detectar
ionoquakes inequivocamente. Este modo de monitoramento oferece a
possibilidade de conectar energias de ionoquakes com energias de
terremotos, como magnitude, velocidade vertical do solo (ou
{{{"}eleva{\c{c}}{\~a}o{"}),}} energia s{\'{\i}}smica e
localiza{\c{c}}{\~a}o do epicentro de um terremoto. Al{\'e}m
disso, o monitoramento cont{\'{\i}}nuo pode facilitar a
detec{\c{c}}{\~a}o r{\'a}pida dos ionoquakes em tempo quase
real (NRT) quando o tremor principal do terremoto ainda est{\'a}
ativo. Atualmente, nenhuma ferramenta confi{\'a}vel fornece
informa{\c{c}}{\~o}es sobre a energia dos terremotos a partir do
monitoramento dos atributos dos ionoquakes. Al{\'e}m disso,
nenhum relat{\'o}rio est{\'a} dispon{\'{\i}}vel sobre a
detec{\c{c}}{\~a}o r{\'a}pida de ionoquake em menos de 400
segundos a partir do tremor principal, um cen{\'a}rio progressivo
em dire{\c{c}}{\~a}o ao monitoramento NRT de ionoquakes. Esta
tese visa lidar com esses t{\'o}picos de pesquisa n{\~a}o
resolvidos e se concentra nas seguintes quest{\~o}es
espec{\'{\i}}ficas: (1) Detec{\c{c}}{\~a}o dos ionoquakes
associados a sismos moderados e fracos, (2) Detec{\c{c}}{\~a}o
dos ionoquakes r{\'a}pidos e sua valida{\c{c}}{\~a}o com a
simula{\c{c}}{\~a}o, (3) Quantifica{\c{c}}{\~a}o da
rela{\c{c}}{\~a}o entre ionoquakes e energia s{\'{\i}}smica. A
tese executa as seguintes tarefas para abordar essas
quest{\~o}es: (5) Desenvolver uma estrat{\'e}gia para detectar
ionoquakes associados a terremotos moderados e fracos
(Cap{\'{\i}}tulo 3), (2) Desenvolvimento do solucionador
matem{\'a}tico r{\'a}pido para a simula{\c{c}}{\~a}o de
ionoquake (Cap{\'{\i}}tulo 4), (3) Desenvolvimento de
m{\'e}todos para detectar e monitorar a energia de ionoquakes
r{\'a}pidos durante alguns terremotos fortes selecionados
(Cap{\'{\i}}tulo 5), (4) Valida{\c{c}}{\~a}o de
detec{\c{c}}{\~o}es r{\'a}pidas de ionoquake usando
simula{\c{c}}{\~a}o r{\'a}pida (Cap{\'{\i}}tulo 6), (1)
Sele{\c{c}}{\~a}o de 50 terremotos fortes recentes para os quais
dados TEC e sism{\^o}metros est{\~a}o dispon{\'{\i}}veis
(Cap{\'{\i}}tulo 7). Os principais resultados da tese s{\~a}o
os seguintes: (1) No quadro combinado de observa{\c{c}}{\~a}o e
simula{\c{c}}{\~a}o, {\'e} poss{\'{\i}}vel a
detec{\c{c}}{\~a}o de ionoterremotos de terremotos moderados e
fracos. (2) Nova metodologia detecta ionoquakes r{\'a}pidos em
250-400 segundos a partir do momento do pico da
eleva{\c{c}}{\~a}o {{s{\'{\i}}smica;}} (3) A
simula{\c{c}}{\~a}o valida a detec{\c{c}}{\~a}o r{\'a}pida de
ionoquake produzindo os ionoquakes de energ{\'e}ticas similares
aos da {{observa{\c{c}}{\~a}o;}} (4) A simula{\c{c}}{\~a}o
produz ionoquakes r{\'a}pidos em um tempo de
simula{\c{c}}{\~a}o mais r{\'a}pido que o tempo de
{{detec{\c{c}}{\~a}o;}} (5) Correla{\c{c}}{\~a}o positiva
maior que 0,8 entre as energ{\'e}ticas de terremotos e
ionoterremotos.",
committee = "Silva, Marlos Rockenbach da (presidente) and Paula, Eurico
Rodrigues de (orientador) and Kherani, Esfhan Alam (orientador)
and Astafyeva, Elvira (orientadora) and Pimenta, Alexandre Alvares
and Souza, Jonas Rodrigues de and Oliveira, Virginia klausner de
and Muella, Marcio Tadeu de Assis Honorato",
englishtitle = "Estudo observacional e de simula{\c{c}}{\~a}o de dist{\'u}rbios
ionosf{\'e}ricos co-s{\'{\i}}smicos r{\'a}pidos e de pequena
amplitude durante terremotos fracos a fortes",
language = "en",
pages = "165",
ibi = "8JMKD3MGP3W34T/494KCJL",
url = "http://urlib.net/ibi/8JMKD3MGP3W34T/494KCJL",
targetfile = "publicacao.pdf",
urlaccessdate = "21 maio 2024"
}