@PhDThesis{Ávila:2023:InFoRa,
author = "{\'A}vila, {\'A}lvaro Vasconcellos Araujo de",
title = "Influ{\^e}ncia das for{\c{c}}antes de radia{\c{c}}{\~a}o e
precipita{\c{c}}{\~a}o na simula{\c{c}}{\~a}o do
balan{\c{c}}o de energia sobre diferentes condi{\c{c}}{\~o}es
de superf{\'{\i}}cie na Am{\'e}rica do Sul",
school = "Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE)",
year = "2023",
address = "S{\~a}o Jos{\'e} dos Campos",
month = "2023-06-26",
keywords = "modelagem de superf{\'{\i}}cie, balan{\c{c}}o de energia,
precipita{\c{c}}{\~a}o, radia{\c{c}}{\~a}o, surface modeling,
precipitation, radiation, energy balance.",
abstract = "Esta tese de doutorado teve como objetivo analisar as componentes
do balan{\c{c}}o de energia sobre a Am{\'e}rica do Sul, com
{\^e}nfase na radia{\c{c}}{\~a}o l{\'{\i}}quida, fluxo de
calor sens{\'{\i}}vel, fluxo de calor latente e fluxo de calor
no solo. Para isso, foram utilizadas as vari{\'a}veis de
precipita{\c{c}}{\~a}o do MERGE/CPTEC e radia{\c{c}}{\~a}o de
onda curta descendente do CERES para inicializar modelos de
superf{\'{\i}}cie (Noah-MP, CLSM e IBIS) e configurar o sistema
de assimila{\c{c}}{\~a}o de dados terrestres da Am{\'e}rica do
Sul (SALDAS-2). Foram realizadas simula{\c{c}}{\~o}es de 20 anos
para toda a regi{\~a}o da Am{\'e}rica do Sul, com um intervalo
de tempo de 5 anos. Foram conduzidas an{\'a}lises pontuais
comparando os modelos Noah-MP, CLSM e IBIS do SALDAS-2 com os
modelos Noah-MP e CLSM do sistema global de
assimila{\c{c}}{\~a}o de dados terrestres (usado como dados de
refer{\^e}ncia mundialmente), utilizando torres de fluxo
instaladas nos biomas da Amaz{\^o}nia, Cerrado e Pampa. Para essa
an{\'a}lise pontual, foram utilizados m{\'e}todos
estat{\'{\i}}sticos de avalia{\c{c}}{\~a}o de erros, como
RMSE, MBE e R2. Adicionalmente, foram realizadas an{\'a}lises
espaciais com o modelo que obteve melhor desempenho na
compara{\c{c}}{\~a}o espacial do SALDAS-2 (Noah-MP). Essas
an{\'a}lises foram utilizadas para observar as anomalias das
vari{\'a}veis do balan{\c{c}}o de energia sobre as regi{\~o}es
da Am{\'e}rica do Sul durante os ver{\~o}es e invernos de El
Niņo e La Niņa. O m{\'e}todo estat{\'{\i}}stico do EOF foi
empregado para identificar padr{\~o}es na amostra de dados
espaciais. Os resultados da an{\'a}lise pontual revelaram que o
modelo CLSM tende a superestimar o fluxo latente, mesmo com a
inclus{\~a}o de vari{\'a}veis de precipita{\c{c}}{\~a}o e
radia{\c{c}}{\~a}o mais pr{\'o}ximas das
observa{\c{c}}{\~o}es. Al{\'e}m disso, verificou-se que a
umidade, radia{\c{c}}{\~a}o e vegeta{\c{c}}{\~a}o da
Am{\'e}rica do Sul desempenham um papel crucial nas estimativas
espaciais do balan{\c{c}}o de energia pelo modelo, destacando a
necessidade de estudos adicionais para compreender o papel de cada
fator na composi{\c{c}}{\~a}o do balan{\c{c}}o. Em termos das
an{\'a}lises espaciais realizadas pelo modelo Noah-MP para os
biomas brasileiros, este trabalho demonstrou que a
radia{\c{c}}{\~a}o {\'e} o principal mecanismo para a
evapotranspira{\c{c}}{\~a}o na regi{\~a}o da Amaz{\^o}nia, e
que as condi{\c{c}}{\~o}es de vegeta{\c{c}}{\~a}o do modelo de
superf{\'{\i}}cie s{\~a}o um dos fatores fundamentais para o
particionamento das componentes do balan{\c{c}}o de energia.
ABSTRACT: This doctoral thesis aimed to analyze the components of
the energy balance over South America, with emphasis on net
radiation, sensible heat flux, latent heat flux, and soil heat
flux. To achieve this, precipitation data from MERGE/CPTEC and
downward shortwave radiation from CERES were used to initialize
surface models (Noah-MP, CLSM, and IBIS) and configure the South
America Land Data Assimilation System (SALDAS-2). Simulations were
conducted for a 20-year period covering the entire South American
region, with a 5-year time step. Pointwise analyses were performed
by comparing the SALDAS-2 models (Noah-MP, CLSM, and IBIS) with
the Noah-MP and CLSM models from the global land data assimilation
system (used as worldwide reference data). This comparison
utilized flux towers installed in the Amazon, Cerrado, and Pampa
biomes. Statistical error evaluation methods such as RMSE, MBE,
and R2 were employed for this pointwise analysis. Additionally,
spatial analyses were carried out using the model that performed
best in the SALDAS-2 spatial comparison (Noah-MP). These analyses
aimed to observe anomalies in the energy balance variables over
South American regions during El Niņo and La Niņa summers and
winters. The statistical method of EOF was employed to identify
patterns in the spatial data sample. The results of the pointwise
analysis revealed that the CLSM model tends to overestimate latent
heat flux, even with the inclusion of precipitation and radiation
variables that were closer to the observations. Furthermore, it
was found that humidity, radiation, and vegetation in South
America play a crucial role in the spatial estimates of the energy
balance by the model, highlighting the need for further studies to
understand the specific role of each factor in the composition of
the balance. Overall, this study provides valuable insights into
the energy balance components over South America. The use of
regional forcings and the evaluation of different surface models
contribute to improving our understanding of the complex climate
processes in the region. These findings have implications for
climate research, regional climate modeling, and decision-making
processes related to land use, natural resource management, and
climate change mitigation and adaptation strategies. In terms of
the spatial analyses carried out by the Noah-MP model for
Brazilian biomes, this study demonstrated that radiation is the
primary mechanism for evapotranspiration in the Amazon region, and
that the vegetation conditions of the surface model are one of the
fundamental factors in the partitioning of energy balance
components.",
committee = "Herdies, Dirceu (presidente) and Gon{\c{c}}alves, Luis Gustavo
Gon{\c{c}}alves de (orientador) and Ruhoff, Anderson Luis
(orientador) and Coelho, Simone Sievert da Costa and Roberti,
D{\'e}bora Regina and Quadro, M{\'a}rio Francisco Leal",
englishtitle = "Influence of radiation and precipitation forcings on the energy
balance simulation under different surface conditions in South
America",
language = "pt",
pages = "196",
ibi = "8JMKD3MGP3W34T/49ELSF2",
url = "http://urlib.net/ibi/8JMKD3MGP3W34T/49ELSF2",
targetfile = "publicacao.pdf",
urlaccessdate = "20 maio 2024"
}