@Article{RodriguesSantBrunPezz:2024:COFlUn,
               author = "Rodrigues, Celina C{\^a}ndida Ferreira and Santini, Marcelo 
                         Freitas and Brunsell, Nathaniel Alan and Pezzi, Luciano Ponzi",
          affiliation = "{Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE)} and {Instituto 
                         Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE)} and {University of Kansas} 
                         and {Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE)}",
                title = "CO2 fluxes under different oceanic and atmospheric conditions in 
                         the Southwest Atlantic Ocean",
              journal = "Journal of Marine Systems",
                 year = "2024",
               volume = "2024",
                pages = "e103949",
                month = "Mar.",
             keywords = "Carbon flux, Ocean-atmosphere interaction, Southwest Atlantic 
                         Ocean.",
             abstract = "The Southwest Atlantic Ocean (SAO) is one of the largest global 
                         carbon sink areas. Therefore, the main objective of this study is 
                         to investigate turbulent CO2 flux behavior and quantify it in the 
                         presence of an intense horizontal sea surface temperature (SST) 
                         gradient in the SAO under different atmospheric conditions. 
                         In-situ, satellite, and reanalysis data were used from October 14 
                         to 27, 2018 to achieve this objective. The study area was divided 
                         into four areas based on satellite observations of SST, salinity, 
                         and chlorophyll. The CO2 flux was calculated using the eddy 
                         covariance method. During the experiment the area absorbing the 
                         most CO2 was the Brazil Current (BC) owing to its proximity to the 
                         chlorophyll-rich and less saline waters of the La Plata River and 
                         the cold and less saline waters from the Malvinas Current (MC). 
                         Moreover, intense wind speeds increased the CO2 flux between the 
                         ocean and atmosphere. The Brazil Malvinas Confluence (BMC) also 
                         behaved as a CO2 sink, and the modulation of CO2 fluxes was due to 
                         the intense horizontal gradient of SST together with the moderate 
                         surface wind and turbulence. During the experiment, the MC 
                         sequestered less carbon than other regions because of the presence 
                         of high-pressure atmospheric systems near the region, resulting in 
                         high atmospheric stability, that inhibited mass exchange between 
                         the ocean and atmosphere. Vertical mixing mechanisms were 
                         identified at the BMC on the cold side, over MC waters. However, 
                         in the BC waters, the marine atmospheric boundary layer was 
                         modulated by the high-pressure atmospheric system, which 
                         suppressed the turbulent mixing. However, the intense mass 
                         exchange between the ocean and atmosphere was inhibited, and the 
                         area behaved as a mild CO2 sink because of the high-pressure 
                         system. This research contributes to a better understanding of the 
                         role of the SAO in the global carbon balance in a climate change 
                         scenario, and we showed that area can act as a CO2 sink or source, 
                         depending on the large-scale atmospheric conditions acting.",
                  doi = "10.1016/j.jmarsys.2023.103949",
                  url = "http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2023.103949",
                 issn = "0924-7963 and 1879-1573",
             language = "en",
           targetfile = "1-s2.0-S0924796323000933-main.pdf",
        urlaccessdate = "20 maio 2024"
}