@InProceedings{BrescianiHeFiJoCaSiBu:2024:AnCo,
               author = "Bresciani, Caroline and Herdies, Dirceu Luis and Figueroa, Silvio 
                         Nilo and Jones, Charles and Carvalho, Leila M. V. and Silva, 
                         Arlindo M. da and Buchard, Virginie",
          affiliation = "{Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE)} and {Instituto 
                         Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE)} and {Instituto Nacional de 
                         Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE)} and {University of California} and 
                         {University of California} and {NASA Goddard Space Flight Center} 
                         and {NASA Goddard Space Flight Center}",
                title = "The South American Tropopause Aerosol Layer (SATAL) over the 
                         Amazon Basin: Analysis and Composition",
            booktitle = "Proceedings...",
                 year = "2024",
         organization = "American Meteorologial Society Annual Meeting, 104.",
            publisher = "AMS",
             abstract = "Atmospheric aerosol refers to a group of solid or liquid particles 
                         suspended in the atmosphere that has an impact on the planet's 
                         climate by altering the radiative balance. Its effects can be 
                         direct or indirect. Aerosols serve as the starting point for 
                         condensation and the development of droplets known as Cloud 
                         Condensation Nuclei (CCN). In addition to interacting with 
                         radiation and affecting the optical characteristics of clouds, 
                         CCNs can alter the formation of droplets and ice crystals, cloud 
                         cover, and precipitation. Aerosols in the lower troposphere either 
                         move up to the upper troposphere/lower stratosphere (UT/LS) or, in 
                         a process known as new particle creation, trace gases move up to 
                         the UT and create new particles by condensing gases in the free 
                         atmosphere. Thus, in this study we analyzed the presence South 
                         American Tropopause Aerosol Layer (SATAL), an aerosol layer in the 
                         upper troposphere/lower stratosphere (UT/LS) in South America, 
                         over the Amazon region to characterize this layer. For that, it 
                         was used Aerosol Extinction 532 nm (AE532) from MERRA-2, for the 
                         period January/2002 to December/2021 and aerosol measurements in 
                         the upper troposphere from High Altitude Long Range Aircraft 
                         (HALO) airplane. The HALO measurements were made during the 
                         GermanBrazilian campaign Chemistry of the Atmosphere: Field 
                         Experiment in Brazil (CAFE-Brazil) that took place over the Amazon 
                         region during December/2022 and January/2023. Our results from 
                         MERRA-2 clearly show the presence of the SATAL over South America, 
                         specifically over the Amazon Basin at around 11-14 km height, with 
                         seasonal behavior like the ATAL and NATAL (over Asia region and 
                         North America, respectively). The maximum AE532 values occurred 
                         between October and November, coincident with the starts of the 
                         wet season period over South America. SATAL is formed first in the 
                         eastern Amazon eastern Amazon Basin, then moves to the Southern 
                         Amazon, where it weakens in December-January and finally 
                         dissipates in February-March. Because SATAL's biggest peak occurs 
                         between October and November, our preliminary findings imply that 
                         SATAL is generated by organic aerosols, most likely associated 
                         with the dry season. Once, the source of aerosols probably is in 
                         the lower troposphere, the updraft mass flux from the convective 
                         activity during the active phase of the South American Monsoon 
                         System (SAMS) make them go up. Particles in the UT/LS have been 
                         one of the largest aerosol reservoirs in the atmosphere, and they 
                         can act as CCN in remote regions.",
  conference-location = "Baltimore, MD",
      conference-year = "28 jan. - 01 feb. 2024",
             language = "en",
        urlaccessdate = "30 abr. 2024"
}